Blood thinners are medicines that help prevent blood clots from forming. They are also called anticoagulants. These medicines include:

• Warfarin.
• Heparin.
• Dabigatran.
• Rivaroxaban.
• Apixaban.
• Edoxaban.

Your doctor will talk with you about which medicine is best for you.

Before starting your medicine, tell your doctor if you have:

• Stomach ulcer, now or in the past.
• Vomiting of blood.
• Blood in your stool (black or red).
• Aneurysm.
• Pericarditis.
• Pericardial effusion.
• Blood disorder.
• Recent surgery.
• Stroke or ministroke (called a TIA).
• Spinal puncture.
• Kidney or liver disease.
• Uncontrolled high blood pressure.
• Diabetes.
• Vasculitis.

Also tell your doctor if any of these apply to you:

• You're younger than 18 years old.
• You had a recent dental procedure or have one planned.
• You are pregnant or breastfeeding.

This list may not include all conditions that can affect how your medicine works. Talk with your doctor and pharmacist.

Many medicines change how blood thinners work. Before taking a blood thinner, tell your doctor about all medicines and supplements you take. This includes prescription and over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbs. Tell your doctor if you take:

• Antibiotic medicine.
• Heart medicine.
• Cimetidine.
• Anti-inflammatory medicine, such as aspirin, ibuprofen, naproxen, ketoprofen, or arthritis medicine.
• Medicine for depression, cancer, HIV (protease inhibitors), diabetes, seizures, gout, high cholesterol, or thyroid.
• Multivitamins that have vitamin K.
• Herbs, such as ginkgo, Co-Q10, garlic, or St. John's wort.

This list may not include all medicines and supplements that can affect how your medicine works. Talk with your doctor and pharmacist.

When you are taking a blood thinner, you will need to take care to stay safe. Too much blood thinner puts you at risk for bleeding. Too little puts you at risk for stroke or another clotting problem. Follow these guidelines. Also follow any others that your doctor gives you.

• Have regular blood tests as advised. Warfarin requires regular testing at least once a month. Other medicines may not require regular testing.
• Tell your doctor about all medicines you take. This includes over-the-counter medicines, vitamins, or herbal remedies. Don't take any medicines that your doctor doesn't know about. This includes ones you buy over the counter. Some medicines can affect how blood thinners work. This can cause serious problems.
• Tell all of your doctors that you take a blood thinner. This includes your dentist, chiropractor, home health nurse, and other doctors.
• Carry a medical ID card or wear a medical-alert bracelet that says you take a blood thinner.
• Before taking aspirin, check with your doctor. Aspirin can greatly increase your risk of bleeding.

Blood thinners make bleeding harder to stop. Even a small injury could cause a lot of bleeding. An injury can cause bleeding inside your body that you don't know about. To protect yourself:

• Don't do any activities that may cause injury. Talk with your doctor about what exercises are safe for you to do.
• Be careful not to fall or bruise yourself by bumping into things. Wear slip-resistant footwear to help prevent falls. And ask your doctor for tips for reducing your risk of falls.
• Don't push too hard when having bowel movements. Take stool softeners and laxatives as needed. But talk to your doctor before using an enema.
• Use a soft-bristle toothbrush and waxed dental floss.
• Shave with an electric razor rather than a blade.
• Don't blow your nose too hard or scratch the inside of your nose.
• Don't go barefoot.
• Don't trim corns or calluses yourself.

Be extra careful when you are taking a blood thinner. Always:

• Take it exactly as prescribed. Follow your doctor's instructions. Blood thinners can be dangerous if not taken correctly. They make your blood less likely to form clots. If you take too much, it can cause serious internal or external bleeding.
• Take it at the same time each day. Take it with a full glass of water, with or without food. If you miss a dose, call your doctor to find out how much to take. Don't take a double dose.
• Have regular blood tests. You may need to have regular tests while you are taking blood thinners. These may include blood tests to check your international normalized ratio (INR) and prothrombin time (PT). These tests show how fast your blood clots. You will also have a complete blood count (CBC) once in a while. This looks at your blood and platelet levels. Both of these need to be watched while you're on warfarin. Ask your doctor if you need to visit the clinic every week. You can also find out if your blood can be tested at home. Ask your doctor how often you will need your blood tested for the blood thinner you are taking.
• Tell your doctor about changes in your medicines. Some medicines can affect your INR and PT levels. This includes any over-the-counter medicines, supplements like vitamin K, or herbal remedies.
• Keep your diet the same. If you take warfarin, what you eat can also affect your INR and PT levels. So eat a consistent diet. It's most important to eat the same amount of foods that contain vitamin K, because it can affect the way the blood thinner works. Talk with your doctor before making any changes in your diet.
• Be careful not to injure yourself. Remember that blood thinners increase your risk of bleeding. If you have a severe injury and are concerned about internal or external bleeding, go to the emergency room.

If you take warfarin, you will have two tests to find out how your blood is clotting. One is called prothrombin time (PT). The other is called the international normalized ratio (INR).

• Get your blood tests as often as directed.
• Follow up with your doctor as advised. It may take a few hours for them to get your results. Call to find out your lab results. Ask your doctor if you need to make changes to your dose or diet.
• If your blood tests are not done at your doctor's office, tell them as soon as you get your test results.

My next INR/PT blood test is on _____________ (date) at ___________ (time) by ___________ (name of doctor or clinic).

The name of the doctor who is in charge of my anticoagulation therapy is _____________________. The phone number is _________________.

You may need to avoid certain foods that can affect how your medicine works.

• Try to keep your diet about the same each day. If you change your diet for any reason, such as for illness or to lose weight, tell your doctor.
• Vitamin K is a nutrient found in some foods. Vitamin K helps your blood clot. Because of this, you may need to watch how much you eat of foods that have vitamin K. These foods can affect the way warfarin works. If you take warfarin:
  • Each day eat the same amount of foods that are higher in vitamin K. These include asparagus, avocado, broccoli, cabbage, kale, spinach, and some other leafy green vegetables.
  • Limit oils that are high in vitamin K to 2 to 4 tablespoons a day. This includes soybean, canola, and olive oils.
  • Don't drink teas that contain sweet clover, sweet woodruff, or tonka beans.
• Ask your doctor if you should not drink alcohol while you are taking a blood thinner.
• Talk with your doctor and pharmacist about foods or ingredients that can affect blood thinner levels. These include grapefruit juice, cranberries and cranberry juice, fish oil, garlic, ginger, licorice, turmeric, and herbal teas and supplements.

This list may not include all foods and ingredients that can affect how your medicine works. Talk with your doctor and pharmacist.

Call 911 now if:

• You have a serious injury or accident, such as a head injury.
• You feel dizzy or lightheaded, or you fainted.
• You have chest pain.
• You have trouble breathing.
• You have sudden confusion or difficulty speaking.
• You have sudden trouble walking.
• You have a sudden severe headache
• You have sudden weakness or numbness in your face, arm, or leg.
• You have sudden vision changes.
• Your bleeding doesn't stop in 10 minutes.
• You have black stools.
• You have bloody diarrhea.
• You cough up or vomit blood.
• You have blood in your urine.

Contact your doctor or seek medical care right away if:

• You have a heavy menstrual period or bleeding between periods.
• Your hemorrhoids are bleeding.
• You have red or black-and-blue marks on the skin that get larger.
• You have a rash, itching, or swelling.
• You have trouble swallowing.